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Alcohol addiction ruins millions of lives every year, but scientists may have found a cure for this terrible affliction. A new treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been trialled in monkeys with impressive results and, if these translate to human trials, the impact could be monumental. A team of neuroscientists and physiologists from across the US tested a new type of gene therapy to see if they could directly target the underlying brain circuitry associated with sustained heavy drinking. As they noted, in the journal Nature Medicine, people suffering from AUD commonly return to alcohol use even if they attempt to quit. This is largely to do with what’s known as mesolimbic dopamine (DA) signalling – meaning how the central nervous system circuit communicates the feelgood neurotransmitter dopamine. A protein called glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is key to keeping these neurons in this reward circuitry functioning. However, experts have found that levels of GDNF are reduced in people with AUD during periods of alcohol abstinence, most notably in a region of the brain called the ventral tegmental area (VTA), as IFLScience notes. Therefore, the researchers decided to test whether using gene therapy to deliver more GDNF to the VTA could help reinforce this crucial dopaminergic signalling and prevent patients from suffering an alcoholic relapse. The team of scientists explained how alcohol consumption in non-addicts prompts the release of dopamine, creating a pleasurable buzz feeling, but chronic alcohol use causes the brain to adapt and stop releasing so much dopamine. “So when people are addicted to alcohol, they don’t really feel more pleasure in drinking,” Dr Kathleen Grant, a senior co-author of the study, said in a statement. “It seems that they’re drinking more because they feel a need to maintain an intoxicated state.” For their research, Dr Grant and her colleagues used eight rhesus macaque monkeys, who were exposed to increasing concentrations of alcohol over four 30-day “induction” periods. The monkeys then had free access to alcohol and water for 21 hours a day for six months, during which they developed heavy drinking behaviours. This was then followed by a 12-week abstinence phase, with the GDNF treatment performed four weeks in for half of the subjects. The gene therapy was delivered using a a viral vector containing a copy of the human GDNF gene injected directly into the primate’s VTA, according to IFLScience. And the results were truly jaw-dropping. “Drinking went down to almost zero,” Dr Grant said. “For months on end, these animals would choose to drink water and just avoid drinking alcohol altogether. They decreased their drinking to the point that it was so low we didn’t record a blood-alcohol level.” The most exciting aspect of their findings is the suggestion that gene therapy could offer a permanent solution for people with the most severe cases of AUD. This will be a welcome glimmer of hope to many, given that some 29.5 million people were diagnosed with AUD in the US alone in 2021, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Of these 29.5 million sufferers, almost a million (894,000) were aged between 12 and 17. It’ll likely be some time before we know for sure whether the gene therapy can be rolled out in humans, but it’s an important first step in tackling this devastating disorder. Sign up for our free Indy100 weekly newsletter Have your say in our news democracy. Click the upvote icon at the top of the page to help raise this article through the indy100 rankings.

Instagram is working on an AI chatbot with 30 different personalities for users to interact with, according to leaks. App researcher Alessandro Paluzzi shared screenshots of the ‘Chat with an AI’ feature, revealing details of an artificial intelligence agent similar to ChatGPT. It offers users the option to ask questions and seek advice, as well as a writing assistance tool for help with composing messages. “Bring AI to your chats for a more fun and engaging experience,” the leaked images of the ‘Chat with an AI’ feature states. “Chat with 30 AI personalities and find which one you like the best.” It is not yet clear when Instagram plans to release the AI chatbot, if at all. The Independent has reached out to Instagram for comment, though the company typically does not speak about unreleased products. Several other social media platforms have already launched similar AI tools, or are rumoured to be working on them. In February, Snapchat unveiled its ‘My AI’ chatbot, which is powered by OpenAI’s ChatGPT technology. The tool can be used to “answer a burning trivia question, offer advice on the perfect gift for your BFF’s birthday, help plan a hiking trip for a long weekend, or suggest what to make for dinner”, according to Snapchat. It was met with skepticism from some users, who reported on social media that they felt uncomfortable sharing their data with the AI chatbot. “I want it gone, remove it,” one user wrote in response to Snapchat’s tweet about the feature, while another asked: “Can we have the option to delete it.” TikTok is also currently testing an in-app chatbot called Tako, which has seen a limited roll out in a few select countries like the Philippines. “Being at the forefront of innovation is core to building the TikTok experience, and we’re always exploring new technologies that add value to our community,” a TikTok spokesperson said. “In select markets, we’re testing new ways to power search and discovery on TikTok, and we look forward to learning from our community as we continue to create a safe place that entertains, inspires creativity and drives culture.” Read More ChatGPT creator says AI ‘superintelligence’ is impossible to stop Meta Ireland to cut about 490 jobs Ukrainian schoolboy to buy home for his mother after selling Minecraft server Here’s what it’s like to use Apple’s new virtual reality headset

SAN FRANCISCO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Aug 21, 2023--

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